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ANALYTICAL TABLES,

PKACTICAL CHEMISTRY:

BY

J. CAMPBELL BROWN, D. Sc. (Lom>.), F. C. S.,

LONDON:
J. & A. OHUECHILL, NEW BURLINGTON
LTVEBPOOL:
ADAM HOLDEN, 48, CHUBCH STREET.

1871.

/f.

J. e.

£ib

t

Several teachers, as well as students, of Practical Che-
mistry have asked me to print the tables by the aid of which
I am in the habit of teaching candidates for degrees and
certificates in science and in medicine, as well as technical
students.

I have, therefore, been induced to publish the following
part of the series, in the hope that it may be useful to
those who are in the habit of using either manuscript or
lithographed tables, prepared year by year. They are not
intended to supersede viva voce instruction, but to be used
as notes by which to follow and recall to mind the
demonstrations of the teacher.

Although these tables are arranged for the examination

of complex substances, they may be conveniently employed

for the detection of simple substances, by omitting all those

details which refer to the separation of one substance from

a/nother.

J. C. S.

TABLE FOR ANALYSIS OF GASES.

Note the colour and odour of the Oases.

Separate the Oases into two groups by a solution of
Potash.
I. Gases not absorbed by a solution of Potash.

Test the Gases by means of a lighted taper.

Not inflammable, but support combustion :

1. Oxygen.

2. Nitrous Oxide.

Not inflammable, but extinguish flame :
8. Nitric Oxide.

4. Nitrogen.

Inflammable. — Observe the colour of the flame, and test
the products of combustion with lime water.

Products of combustion render lime water turbid :

5. Carbonous Oxide ; flame blue.

6. Marsh Gas ; flame pale yellow.

7. Olefiant Gas ; flame bright yellow.

Products of combustion do not render lime water

turbid :

8. Hydrogen; flame colourless.

9. Hydride of Phosphorus; flame very bright, pro-

ducing thick white fumes of P a 5 .

10. Hydride of Arsenic; flame livid, odour of garlic.

11. Hydride of Antimony ; flame bluish-white, producing

white fumes.

If the Oases explode on the application of a lighted taper 9
a mixture of Oxygen with combustible Oas is indicated.

1. Oxygen is absorbed by Pyrogallic Acid and solution of Potash;

producing a black liquid.

2. Nitrous Oxide (N a 0) when exploded with Hydrogen, or heated

with Potassium, leaves a residue of Nitrogen, whose volume is
equal to that of the Nitrous Oxide employed.

2

8. Nitric Oxide (N a 0J is transformed into red fames of Nitric
Peroxide (N 2 4 ) when mixed with air or Oxygen.

4. Nitrogen is characterised by its neutrality to all tests.

5. Carbonous Oxide (G 0) is absorbed by an ammoniacal solution of

cuprous Chloride.

6. Marsh Gas differs from Olefiant Gas in not being absorbed by

Chlorine, Bromine, or fuming Sulphuric Acid.

7. Olefiant Gas (Ethylene) forms liquid compounds with Chlorine

and Bromine, and is absorbed by fuming Sulphuric Acid*

8. Hydrogen is extremely light and diffusible, and when mixed with

Chlorine explodes on the application of a lighted taper.

9. Hydride of Phosphorus is generally spontaneously inflammable

in air.
10. Hydride of Arsenic, and 11., Hydride of Antimony, may be
distinguished by introducing a cold white porcelain plate or dish
into their flame, when a metallic deposit is obtained, The
Arsenic deposit is dissolved both by Nitric Acid and by Sodium
Hypochlorite. The Antimony stain is rendered white by Nitric
Acid, and is unchanged by Sodium Hypochlorite.

II. Gases absorbed by a solution of Potash. These Gases
can generally be distinguished in the free state as well as
after absorption by Potash.
Not inflammable :

1. Ammonia (N H 8 ) can be recognised by its odour, and by its

alkaline reaction with reddened litmus paper. It is very
soluble in water.

2. Sulphurous Oxide (S O a ) Has an odour of burning matches,

and is soluble in water. It reduces an acid solution of
Potassium Chromate to green.

3. Carbonic Dioxide (C O a ) renders lime water turbid.

4. Chlorine has a peculiar suffocating odour, and olive-green

colour. It bleaches vegetable colours, and renders a solu-
tion of Potassium Iodide in starch-paste blue.
6. Hydrochloric Acid fumes in air, has pungent odour, is very
soluble in water, and forms a white curdy precipitate with
Silver Nitrate.

6. Hydrofluoric Acid etches glass.

7. Hydrofluo-Silicic is decomposed by water, producing a

deposit of gelatinous Silica.

Inflammable :

8. HydrosulphUric Acid has an odour of rotten eggs, and

blackens paper moistened with solution of Lead Acetate.

9. Hydrocyanic Acid burns with a bluish flame. It is very

soluble in water, and may be detected by the tests given on
page 18.

PEELIMINARY EXAMINATION

FOR SIMPLE SALTS AND MIXTURES.

If the substance is a liquid, examine it by blue and red
litmus papers ; evaporate a portion to dryness and treat the
residue as under. If the substance is solid, reduce it to fine
powder, noticing its physical characters.

1. Heat a small portion of the finely pulverized substance
in a glass tube.

If the substance does not change, organic matter, Hydrates, salts
containing water of crystallization, fusible and volatile sub-
stances are all absent.
The substance chars. Presence of organic matter. Acetone is
given of! — from decomposition of Acetates. A carbonate is
left, effervescing with acids — from Organic Acids united with
a mineral base.
The substance changes colour —
To yellow while hot,

white on cooling . . Presence of Oxide op Zinc, Zn 0.
To yellowish-brown, be-
coming dirty yellow

on cooling .... „ Oxide of Tin, Sn O a .

To reddish-brown, and

yellow when cold . . „ Oxide of Lead, Pb 0.

To orange-red, dull yel-
low when cold ... „ Oxide of Bismuth, Bi* 8
The substance fuses and swells up, giving off steam. Salts having
water of crystallization, e.g., Alum, Borax, or Hydrates.

Test the reaction of the fluid condensed in the tube.

If alkaline, Ammonia, and if acid, Volatile Acids are present.
The substance gives off gases or fumes —

Oxygen (supports combustion) Peroxides, Nitrates. Chlo-
rates. &c.

Sulphurous Gas, S O a (odour) from Sulphites, and Hyposul-
phites.

Nitric Peroxide, N a 4 (reddish-brown vapours) from the decom-
position of N itrates.

Carbonic Gas, C O a (precipitates lime water) from Carbonates.

Carbonous Oxide, C (burns with blue flame) from Oxalates,
and Formates.

Cyanogen, C N (odour, and peach-blossom coloured flame) from
Cyanogen compounds.

Carbon Disulphide, C S 2 , from Sulphocyanates.
Hydrosulphuric Acid, Ha S (odour, and blackens lead paper)

from moist Sulphides, Sulphites, and Hyphosulphites.
Ammonia, N H 8 (odour, and alkaline to test paper) from Ammo-
nium Salts and some Cyanogen compounds.
The substance sublimes into the cold part of the tube.
In yellow drops of Sulphur, . From Sulphides and free Sul-
phur, and Hyposulphites.

Yellow Crystals Mercuric Iodide, or Arseni-

ous Sulphide.
White sublimate which evolves

Ammonia when heated with

Lime or Potash .... Ammonium Salts.
Black Sublimate, violet fumes Iodine.
Sublimate, when heated with

dry Sodium Carbonate and

Potassium Cyanide in a bulb

tube, gives metallic mirror

and globules Mercury (Hg) compounds.

or black shining mirror . . Arsenic (As) compounds.

II. Heat a portion of the substance on charcoal in the
blow-pipe flame.

It decrepitates Many Salts.

It deflagrates Nitrates, Chlorates.

It fuses and is absorbed . . . Alkaline Salts.
The residue is white and lu-
minous Alkaline Earths, Alumina,

Zinc Oxide, or Silica.

Moisten the infusible residue with a drop of Cobalt

Nitrate, and heat again in blow-pipe flame —

A blue mass remains . . Alumina, Silicates, or some

Phosphates.
A pink mass „ . . Magnesia.
A green mass „ . . Zinc Oxide.

The residue is coloured. Heat a small portion in a
clear borax bead on platinum wire in the inner and
outer blow-pipe flame.

Blue in the inner, blue in the outer flame Cobalt, Co.

Red „ blue „ „ Copper, Cu.

Greyish-red „ „ „ Nickel, Ni.

Colourless „ Amethyst-red „ Manganese, Mn.

Green „ Bottle-red „ Iron, Fe.

Green „ Green „ Chromium, Or.

5

The residue is metallic when the inner . blow-pipe

flame is used.

Brilliant, hard, and malleable Silver, Ag.

Yellow „ „ Gold, Au.

Bed scales or globules Copper, On.

Soft and malleable Lead, Pb.

Brittle; no incrustation, or only a slight

yellow deposit Bismuth, Bi.

Brittle ; gives white fumes and white incrust-
ation Antimony, Sb #

The metal is reduced, but, being volatile, passes

through the outer flame and yields an incrustation.

White, with garlic odour Arsenic, As.

YeUow while hot, white on cooling . . . Zinc, Zn.

Brown Cadmium, Cd.

Tin, Sn., requires the assistance of Potassium Cyanide to aid its
reduction. The metal is bright and malleable. The slight
incrustation is yellow when hot, white when cold.

III. Heat a small portion of the substance on a clean
platinum wire, either in the inner blow-pipe flame, or in
a colourless Bunsen flame.

The substance tinges the flame yellow . . . Sodium, Na.

violet . . . Potassium, K.

olive-green . Barium, Ba.

crimson . . Strontium, Sr, or

Lithium, Li.

red ... . Calcium, Ca.
green mixed

with blue . Copper, Cu.

IV. Heat with Hydrochloric Acid, H 01, in a test tube.

Effervescence. The evolved gas renders lime-water turbid, 2 .

from CARB0NATE8.

The Gas has odour of burning Sul-
phur, SO a from Sulphites.

The same with separation of Sulphur from Hyposulphites.

The Gas has odour of rotten eggs,
and blackens paper moistened
with Lead Acetate, H a S ... from Sulphides.

Reddish-brown fumes, N a 8 . . . from Nitrites,

Chlorine from Hypochlorites

or Binoxides.

Euchlorine from Chlorates.

A jelly is formed ; Silica, from soluble Silicates.

« » a

H a a

n a a

II II M

II 1/ II

Before proceeding to the systematic examination of a
substance, a solution must be prepared. 1. — Dissolve in
water and filter. 2. — Treat the residue, insoluble in water,
with Hydrochloric Acid (H CI), Nitric Acid (H NO,), and
Aqua Eegia, successively. 3. — Any residue, insoluble in
water and acids, must be dried, mixed with four times its
weight of dry Alkaline Carbonates (K 8 CO,, and Na, CO,),
and fused in a crucible. Boil the fused mass with water,
and filter ; examine the filtrate for acids ; dissolve the insolu-
ble portion (which contains the bases, in the form of Car-
bonates,) in H CI, and examine the solution separately.

If the substance is a metal or alloy, having observed its
physical characters, reduce it to thin sheets or filings;
then —

1. Heat a small portion with water and Acetic Acid; Hydrogen is

evolved; presence of Na, E or Mg. Examine the solution by
Table for group VI.

2. Heat a portion in a glass tube, sealed at one end. A sublimate

indicates Hg, As, or Cd.
8. Dissolve in H N0 8 , and dilute with water.

(a.) The metal dissolves with evolution of red fumes. Presence

of Ag, Hg, Pb, Bi, On, Od, As, Fe, or Zn. Examine the

solution in the usual way.

(&.) Bed fumes are evolved, but a white powder remains insoluble.

Presence of Sn or Sb. If no other metals are present, a

fresh portion may be dissolved in H CI, and the solution

examined by Ha S, and by Hg CI* for Sb and Sn. If

other metals are present, collect the white insoluble oxides

and fuse with Hydrate of Soda in a silver crucible ; treat

the cooled mass with water, and add one-third of its

volume of Alcohol ; niter.

Acidulate the nitrate with H CI,

and examine the solution for

Sn, and for As which may

have accompanied it.

4. If the metal is unchanged by H N0 8 , boil with H CI. Al dissolves

readily. (Sn or Sb are dissolved by prolonged boiling with H CI.)

5. If a metal still remains unchanged, dissolve in Nitro-hydroohlorio

Acid (Aqua Regia), and test for Au by Fe S0 4 , or Sn CI* and for
Pt, by N H 4 01.

Dissolve the residue of Sodium
Antimonate in H CI and ex-
amine the solution for Sb.

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14

EXAMINATION FOR MINERAL ACIDS.

The presence of bases often interferes with the detection
of acids ; in such cases, the bases may be removed by boiling
the substance with the least possible excess of (Sodium
Carbonate) Na 8 CO a , and filtering. The solution must be
carefully neutralised by the addition of Nitric Acid, drop by
drop.

Nitric and Carbonic Acids must be looked for in the
original substance.

I. Having prepared a clear solution, add (Barium Chloride)

Ba Cl 2 , or (Barium Nitrate) Ba (N0 8 ) 9 .

The following Acids will be precipitated from a neutral

solution.
Sulphuric, white, insoluble in H N0 8 .
Carbonic, white, soluble in fl N0 8 , with effervescence.
Boric, white, soluble in H N0 8 .
Phosphoric, white, soluble in H N0 8 .
Silicic, white, „ „

Hydrofluoric, white, „ „

Chromic, yellow, „ „

II. Add (Silver Nitrate) Ag N0 8 . The following Acids are
precipitated from neutral solutions.

The ppts. insoluble in H N0 8 . ; The ppts. soluble in H N0 8 .

• Hydrochloric, white. ' Carbonic, white, soluble in

(Soluble in Ammonia.) acids with effervescence.

Hydrobromic, yellowish-white. Boric, white.

Phosphoric, yellow.
M eta-Phosphoric, white.
Silicic, white.
Chromic, red

(Slightly soluble in Ammonia.)

Hydr iodic, pale yellow.
(Insoluble in Ammonia.)

Hydrosulphuric, black.

N. B. — Free Sulphurous, and Hyposulphurous Acids, and Ferrous
Salta produce black precipitates of reduced silver when heated with
Ag N0 8 .

III. The following acids and their salts are not precipitated
hy any re-agent; but they decolourise a solution of
Indigo when heated with it, after the addition of pure
H 9 S0 4 .

(Note. — Nitrous, Chlorous, and Hypochlorous Acids also decolourise
Indigo ; but they are pptd. by Ag N0 8 .)
Nitric, Chloric.
[Bromic, Iodic]

15

SPECIAL TESTS FOR MINERAL ACIDS.

Salts of Sulphur Acids are detected by fusion with N% C0 8 on
charcoal, in the inner blow-pipe flame ; if the mass is placed on
a bright surface of Silver, and moistened, a black stain will be
produced ; or, if the mass is acidulated, Hg S will be evolved.

Sulphuric Acid is sufficiently indicated by Ba Cla and H N0 8 .

Sulphurous and Hyposulphurous are indicated by the pre-
liminary examination, and by their behaviour with Ag N0 8 .

Carbonic and Hydrosulphuric are detected by the preliminary
examination.

Boric. Acidulate with H a SO*, and dissolve in Alcohol. When
the Alcohol is now burnt, Boric Acid imparts a green tinge to
the edge of the flame.

Phosphoric gives a yellow ppt. with Ammonium Nitro-molyb-
date ; and a white crystalline ppt. with a mixture of NH 4 Gl,
Mg S0 4 and NH 4 HO.

Hydrofluoric. Heated with H a S0 4 cone. ; the fumes of H F
etch glass.

Chromic is reduced to Chromic Oxide by boiling with H Gl and
Alcohol, or S0 2 .

Silicic is detected in the examination for bases.

Hydrobromic. 1. — Ha S0 4 liberates Bromine; red liquid or
fumes. 2. — Add Starch paste, then Chlorine water drop by
drop ; yellow colour indicates Br.

Hydriodic. 1. — B^ S0 4 liberates Iodine, which may be recog-
nised by its colour and odour. 2. — Mix with Starch paste, and
add Chlorine water cautiously ; a deep blue colour indicates I.

Nitric. Add a crystal of Fe S0 4 , then pure Ha S0 4 , and allow to
stand ; a dark brown haze over the crystal indicates Nitric or
Nitrous Acid.

Nitrous. When mixed with Starch paste and E I, the blue
Iodide of Starch is produced as soon as Nitrous Acid is set free
by the addition of a drop of pure H 2 S0 4 .

Chloric. 1. — When freed from Chlorides by Ag N0 8 , the
Chlorates may be converted into Chlorides by fusion ; and then
the white curdy ppt. will be formed by addition of Ag N0 8 .
2. — The odour of the gas set free by addition of H 2 S0 4 is a^so
characteristic.

Hypochlorous. Even the Alkaline Salts bleach Indigo. The
odour is also characteristic.

16

EXAMINATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

Non-volatile Organic substances are either charred when
heated in an open glass tube, or with Sulphuric Acid in a
test tube, or they evolve Carbonic gas which renders lime-
water turbid.

Volatile Organic substances give characteristic odours
when thus heated.

Alkaloids and other Nitrogenous Organic substances yield
Ammonia when mixed with fused K H 0, or with soda-lime
and strongly heated. (If Ammonia is evolved while yet cold,
it probably comes from an Ammonium Salt.)

ACIDS.

I. Heat a portion of the substance in an open tube.
Immediately blackened :

Tartaric, with odour of burnt sugar.
Uric, with odour of burnt feathers.
Hippuric, with odour like OU of Bitter Almonds.
Gallic.
Tannic,
etc.

Fuses and becomes black after some time :

Citric, H 8 6 H 8 7 ; pungent odour.

Not blackened. White sublimate :

Oxalic.
Yields white sublimate and charred residue :

Malic Meconic. Pyroqallic
Not blackened ; volatile ; emit characteristic odour :
Acetous odour . . Acetic Formic

Benzoic
Succinic

Butyric, Valeric, and others.
Phenic

Hydrocyanic, &c.
Acetates give odour of Acetone.

II. Heat a portion of the substance in a test tube with
Cone. H 2 S0 4 .

Immediately blackened :

Tartaric. Pyroqallic Gallic Tannic Hippuric
Blackened after some time :

Citric Malic Uric Meconic

Aromatic

Irritating

Butter

Tar

Peculiar

17

Not blackened ;

Evolves 00 2 , and CO which burns with

a blue flame Oxalic,

Evolves S 0, which burns with blue
flame and gives odour of S O a . . . . Sulphocyanic.

Evolves 00 and NH 8 . Hydrocyanic and other

Cyanogen Acids.
Volatile:

Acetic, Formic, Benzoic, Succinic evolves pure 00.
Heated with moderately dilute H SO*, the Cyanogen compounds
evolve Hydrocyanic Acid (peculiar odour).

m. If the solution is alkaline or neutral, add H 01.
Uric is precipitated as a white powder.
Benzoic „ white flakes.

Hippuric „ white feathers, insoluble in Ether, soluble

in boiling water.

IV. To a neutral solution add Ag N0 8 . The following
acids are precipitated.

Hydrocyanic. White curdy ppt. ; insoluble in H N0 8 , soluble in

Ammonia, and in Alkaline Cyanides.
Sulphocyanic. White ; soluble in Ammonia.
Ferro- and Ferri-cyanic. White ; soluble in Ammonia
Meconic. White ; soluble in Ammonia.
Oxalio
Succinic*
Benzoic
Tartaric. White; soluble in acids and in Ammonia; silver

mirror reduced on boiling.
Citric. White ; soluble in acids and in Ammonia.
Malic
Acetic
Formic and Pyroqallic reduce metallic silver.

V. To a neutral solution add (Calcium Chloride) Ca Cl 8 ;
shake and filter.

II
II
II

It
II
II

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It
II

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It

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It
It

To ppt., add Acetic Acid.

A portion remaining undis-
solved in Acetic, but soluble
in H CI, indicates
Oxalic.

Dissolved ;
Tartaric.

To filtrate, add a little lime-
water, and boil. A ppt. indi-
cates

Citric.

Filter and boil for a long
time, with addition of Alcohol.
A ppt. indicates
Malic.

18

VI. Add Fe f Cl e .

The following gire a red colour, but no ppt.

Acetic, discharged by H d.

Formic,

Pyroqaluc, „ m (blue with Pe SOJ.

8ulphocyanic, discharged by Hg d, (Mercuric Chloride), bat not

byHCL
Meconic, not discharged by Hg CI* nor by H CL

The following give reactions.

Carbolic or Phenic, pnrple solution.
Gallic and Tannic give deep black solutions.
Benzoic. 8uccinic, and Hippuric give light red ppts.
Ferrocyanic gives Prnssian bine in acid solutions.
Ferricyanic gives only a brown or green colour ; but with Perrons
Salts it gives- a deep bine ppt.

VII. Add K HO.

Tartaric gives white crystalline ppt. with acid solutions, or after

addition of Acetic.
Gallic gives green, then red and brown, colour.
Tannic gives brown.
Pyroqallic gives deep brown or black.

SPECIAL TESTS.

Uric Acid. To the dry insoluble powder add a drop of Nitric
Acid, and evaporate to dryness by a gentle heat; a red stain
appears. When cold, add Ammonia; a purple solution of
Murexide is produced.

Tannic Acid precipitates a solution of gelatine.

8uccinic Acid. To a solution add NH 4 HO, and Ba Clg ; no ppt.
Then add Alcohol ; white ppt.

Hydrocyanic Acid. 1.— Add Pe SO4, and Fe, CI* If the solution
was Alkaline, the mixed Oxides of Iron only will be precipitated ;
but on addition of H CI, a Prussian blue precipitate will be
formed. 2. — Add a few drops of yellow Ammonium Sulphide,
and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve in water, and add Peg Cl« ;
a blood red solution is produced.

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20

TABLE FOR THE SEPARATION OP ORGANIC

BASES.

To a solution of the substance in water or dilute acid
add KH 0, drop by drop, till the liquid has only a slightly

Alkaline reaction.

1. If oily drops are separated, which have an odour of Aniline ; like
that of mice, Conine; or of Tobacco, Nicotine, these volatile
liquid alkaloids may be separated by distillation in a small retort
and receiver ; the characteristic tests may then be applied. They
are also soluble in Ether, and their Oxalates are soluble in
Alcohol.

2: If the liquid gives no odour in the cold, but evolves Ammonia on
boiling, Urea is probably present. If it gives the fishy odour of
Methylamine, Caffeine may be present. Dissolve the original
substance, rendered alkaline by KHO, in Alcohol, niter and
evaporate the nitrate to dryness, and apply special tests.

3. If KHO gives no reaction, test the original substance for Salicine.

4. A white ppt. maybe Morphine.'Quinine, Cinchonine. Narcotine,

Codeine, Strychnine. Brucine, Veratrine. Add KHO in
excess, and niter. To the nitrate add C0 2 , or NaHC0 8 , evapo-
rate to dryness, and dissolve in water ; any residue which now
remains insoluble must be tested for Morphine.
Dissolve the precipitate insoluble in excess of KHO (or, if nothing
has yet been discovered, dissolve the original substance) by dilute
Hg SO* in slight excess, and add solution of NaHC0 8 until the
acid reaction is neutralised, and allow to stand —

The ppt. may contain
Narcotine,
Quinine,
Cinchonine.

A.

Evaporate the solution to dry-
ness, and dissolve in cold water ;
any residue insoluble in water
maybe Codeine, Strychnine,
Brucine, Veratrine, and trace
of Quinine. B.

A. Separation of Narcotine, Cinchonine, and Quinine.

Dissolve the alkaloids in HC1, add Ammonia in excess, and shake up the
ppt. with Ether ; decant the etherial solution.

, « ,

Test the residue for Evaporate the etherial solution ; dissolve in
Cinchonine. H CI, dilute with 200 parts of water, neutralise

the solution with Na H C0 8 , and allow the liquid
to stand for some time ; a ppt. indicates Narco-
tine : filter.

To the ppt.
special tests for
Narcotine.

apply

Test the filtrate
Quinine.

for

21

B. Separation of Strychnine, Brucine, Veratrine, (Codeine).

Dry the precipitated alkaloids on the water bath; digest with absolute

Alcohol, and filter.
: x

The residue is

8TRYCHNINE.

Wash with absolute Al-
cohol, dissolve in Chloro-
form, divide the solution
into several portions, eva-
porate these to dryness on
porcelain dishes and apply
the colour tests for
Strychnine.

Evaporate the Alcoholic solution to dryness
on a water bath, and if Codeine has to be
separated, digest in Ammonia ; decant and
evaporate the clear solution, and test it for
Codeine ; then test separate portions of the
residue for Brucine and for Veratrine ; and,
if necessary, for Quinine, of which a minute
quantity may be present in this residue.

CHARACTERISTIC TESTS FOR THE PRINCIPAL

ORGANIC BASES.

I. Volatile bases ; oily liquids.
Aniline, C 6 Hy N. 1. — Has a peculiar odour ; is tinged brown by exposure,
and stains deal yellow.
2. — With Chloride of Lime, produces a purple colour.
3. — Heated with Hg Clg crystals, produces a purple mass, soluble

in Alcohol, giving a magenta solution.
4. — A Sulphuric Acid solution, with Oxygen evolved at positive
electrode of an electrolytic cell is tinged blue, changing to violet
and red.
Conine, C 8 H u N. 1.— Has the odour of mice.

2. — With H N0 8 , gives a blood-red colour.
8. — With Hg SO4, gives purple, then olive colour.
4. — Is pptd. by Au CI* but not by Pt CI*.
5. — Coagulates a solution of Albumen.
Nicotine, OwHuNg. 1. — Has an odour of tobacco, and is tinged brown by
exposure.
2.— Is pptd. both by Au Cl 8 and by Pt CI*
8. — Does not coagulate solution of Albumen.

II. Non-volatile Bases — of vegetable origin.
Morphine, C 17 H u N 8 . 1. — Crystallises in four-sided prisms ; soluble in

water and Alcohol, but not in Ether.
2. — With Fej ®h neutral, is tinged blue.
8.— With H N0 8 cone, is tinged red.
4. — Heated with Hg SO4, a colourlessHSolution, changed when cold

to violet by Ha SO* containing H N0 8 ; and further, to mahogany

colour by Eg Cr 2 7 .

22

Codeine, C^ H^ NO s , resembles Morphine in its physiological action, bat
does not answer to its characteristic tests.
1. — It is more soluble in water, Ether and Ammonia, than Mor-
phine, but is insoluble in Potash.
2.— With H N0 8 is tinged yellow.
Quinine, C^ H M N s O s . 1. — Crystallises in tofts of silky needles, sparingly
soluble in water, freely in Alcohol ; soluble in Ether, &e.
2. — Solutions of its salts are fluorescent if no Hydracid is present
8. — Heated in a tube gives a violet-red sublimate, and odour of

Qninoline.
4. — With Chlorine water, then Ammonia, is tinged bright green.
6. — With Chlorine water, then K 4 Cfy, then Ammonia, is tinged
deep red.
Cinchonine, Cao H^ N s 0. 1.— Crystallises in four-sided prismatic needles,
1 very slightly soluble in water ; soluble in Alcohol ; insoluble in

Ether.
2. — Heated in a tube gives a violet-red sublimate, and odour of

Qninoline.
8. — With Chlorine water, then Ammonia, gives a yellowish-white
' precipitate.

J Narcotine, C m Hag N0 7 . 1. — Crystallises in rhombic prisms, insoluble in

water ; slightly soluble in Alcohol and Ether.
| 2. — With Chlorine water, then Ammonia, gives a yellowish-red

! liquid.

; 8. — With pure Ha SO*, and heated, gives a reddish colour; and

with Ha S0 4 , containing a trace of H N0 8 , gives a red colour.
4. — With dilute Ha SO*, then Mn O a , gives, when boiled and
cooled, crystals of Opianio Acid.
Strychnine, C^ H^ N 2 3 . 1. — Crystallises in rhombic prisms ; very
slightly soluble in water and ordinary Alcohol, yet the solutions
are intensely bitter ; insoluble in absolute Alcohol and in Ether.
The best solvents are Chloroform and amylic Alcohol.
2. — The dry alkaloid, dissolved in a drop of pure strong Ha S0 4 ,
gives a play of colours from purple-violet to red, with any of the
following oxidizers, if cold : — Ka Cr a 7 , Kg Cfdy, Mn Oa, Pb 2 ,
Oxygen at the positive electrode of an electrolytic cell
Brucine, Cas Has N 2 0*. 1. — Crystallises in stars of prismatic needles,
soluble in water and Alcohol, but not in Ether.
2. — With H N0 8 cone, is tinged bright red ; when heated, yellow,

which is further changed to violet by Sn Clg, or by (N H 4 ) a S.
8. — With Chlorine water, is tinged red, which Ammonia changes
to yellow.
Veratrine, C w H M N 2 8 . 1.- Crystallises in small prisms; insoluble in
water, soluble in Alcohol and Ether.
2.— It has an acrid burning taste, and causes violent sneezing
when it reaches the membranes of the nose.
, 8. — With heat, or with H N0 8 , forms resinous masses.

23

4. — With H^ SO*, forms resinous masses, slowly becoming a red

fluid.
5. — With Chlorine water is tinged brown, changing to faint brown

with Ammonia.
Caffeine. Theine, C 8 H^X O a . 1. — Crystallises in silky needles ; soluble

in water, Alcohol, and Ether.
2. — May be sublimed unchanged, but when boiled with K H

solution is decomposed, evolving the fishy odour of Methylamine.
3. — With H N0 8 , evaporated to dryness, gives a red stain, changed

to purple by cooling and adding Ammonia.
Salioin, C u H 18 7 is not a base, but resembles Quinine.

1. — Crystallises in silky needles and scales, soluble in water and

and Alcohol, insoluble in Ether.
2. — With H 2 S0 4 cone, gives a red resinous mass.
3. — Its solution, boiled with H 01, yields granular crystals, while

sugar remains in the solution.

III. Base of animal origin.

Urea, C H 4 N a O. 1. — Crystallises in prisms; very soluble in water and
Alcohol, insoluble in Ether.
2. — Heated, evolves Ammonia, &c, and yields a sublimate.
3. — Heated with KHO, or Na* C0 8 , evolves Ammonia.
4. — A strong solution, with H N 8 , deposits crystalline plates.
5. — A strong solution, with Oxalic Acid, deposits tabular prisms.

P. YABPLKB, PBINTBB, I.ORD STREET, LIVE SPOOL,